U.S. created Indian boarding schools to destroy cultures and seize land
About this story
"First photo: Sioux children are seen before entering Hampton Institute in Virginia in 1897. Native American children — some as young as 5 — were forcibly removed from their homes and sent hundreds of miles to Indian boarding schools. (Library of Congress)
This story is part of a series examining the legacy of America’s network of Indian boarding schools. Do you have a tip or story idea for our investigation? Email our team at boardingschools@washpost.com.
Reporting by Dana Hedgpeth and Sari Horwitz.
Additional reporting by Emmanuel Martinez and Nate Jones.
Design by Natalie Vineberg. Development by Jake Crump. Graphics by Janice Kai Chen. Video by Alice Li.
Editing by Jenna Pirog, Sarah Childress, David S. Fallis and Wendy Galietta. Additional editing by Jay Wang and Courtney Kan.
Design editing by Madison Walls. Photo editing by Robert Miller and Troy Witcher. Graphic editing by Emily M. Eng. Video editing by Nicki DeMarco.
Additional support from Cameron Barr, Kathy Baird, Matthew Callahan, Brandon Carter, Matt Clough, Maddie Driggers, Salwan Georges, Stephanie Hays, Scott Higham, Angela Hill, Jeff Leen, Jenna Lief, Jordan Melendrez, Martha Murdock, Sarah Murray, Amy Nakamura, Kyley Schultz, Erica Snow and Peter Wallsten.
Sources
“Education for Extinction: American Indians and the Boarding School Experience, 1875-1928,” David Wallace Adams.
“Boarding School Blues: Revisiting American Indian Educational Experiences,” edited and with an introduction by Clifford E. Trafzer, Jean A. Keller and Lorene Sisquoc.
“Boarding Schools Seasons: American Indian Families 1900-1940,” Brenda J. Child.
“American Indian Education: A History,” second edition, Jon Reyhner and Jeanne Eder.
“The Spokane Indians: Children of the Sun,” Robert H. Ruby and John A. Brown.
“American Indian Children at School 1850-1930,” Michael C. Coleman.
“Recollections of Fort Belknap’s Past,” Morris “Davy” Belgard, 1982.
U.S. Department of the Interior’s Federal Indian Boarding School Initiative — Investigative Report, 2022.
The National Native American Boarding School Healing Coalition.
“Away From Home: American Indian Boarding Schools Stories,” The Heard Museum, Phoenix.
“The Old Chief’s Appeal: Eloquent and Convincing Address by the Venerable Chief of the Spokanes,” Spokane (Wash.) Daily Chronicle, Oct. 12, 1891."
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